Détection, marqueurs et signification pronostique/p rédictive des cellules tumorales disséminées (CTD) : une revue wallonne, à l'heure de BioWin, de KeyMarker et de NeoA ngio

"Disseminated tumor cells: detection, markers and prognostic/
predictive significance".

par Marc Lacroix
InTextoResearch, Baelen (Wallonie), Belgique
paru dans Cancer Metastases Research, Nova Sciences Publishers, New
York, ISBN 978-1-60456-130-2 (2008), pp. 1-45.



   The development of distant metastases is the major cause of death
from most cancers. In order to predict and prevent tumour spreading,
many attempts are being made to detect small numbers of tumour cells
that have shed from the primary lesions and have moved to lymph nodes,
blood or bone marrow ("disseminated tumor cells", or DTC). This
chapter presents the advantages and limitations of techniques used for
disseminated tumour cells (DTC) detection. DTC markers used in
bladder, breast, cervical, colorectal, esophageal, gastric, head and
neck, liver, lung, melanoma, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, renal, and
thyroid cancers are listed. The significance of DTC for prognosis and
prediction of response to therapy is examined, with a specific focus
on breast cancer. DTC viability and the notion of cell dormancy are
also discussed.


Résumé en français:
Le développement de métastases distantes est la principale cause de
décès dans la majorité des cancers. Dans le but de prédire et de
prévenir l'extension tumorale, de nombreux efforts sont faits pour
arriver à détecter de petits nombres de cellules cancéreuses
(<< cellules tumorales disséminées - CTD) ayant migré dans les
ganglions lymphatiques, le sang ou la moelle osseuse après s'être
détachées de la tumeur primaire. Ce chapitre passe en revue les
avantages et limitations des techniques employées pour détecter les
CTD. Les marqueurs de CTD utilisés pour les cancers de la vessie, du
sein, du col de l'utérus, de l'intestin, de l'oesophage, de l'estomac,
de la tête et du cou, du foie, du poumon, de la peau (mélanome), de
l'ovaire, du pancréas, de la prostate, du rein, et de la thyroïde sont
mentionnés. La signification de la présence de CTD en termes de
pronostic et de prédiction de réponse thérapeutique est examinée, avec
un intérêt plus particulier pour le cancer du sein. Les notions de
viabilité des CTD et de dormance cellulaire sont également
discutées.


Marqueurs utilisés pour détecter les cellules tumorales disséminées
dans divers types de cancers:


AFP Alpha-fetoprotein
Type(s) de cancer: foie

AGR2 Anterior gradient homolog 2 (Xenopus laevis)
Autre(s) nom(s): Secreted cement gland protein XAG-2 homolog (hAG-2) ;
XAG-2 homolog long protein (HPC8); GOB-4
Type(s) de cancer: sein, intestin, prostate

ANKRD30A Ankyrin repeat domain 30A
Autre(s) nom(s): Breast cancer antigen NY-BR-1; B726P
Type(s) de cancer: sein

AR Androgen receptor
Type(s) de cancer: prostate

B305D Antigen B305D
Autre(s) nom(s): B305D, isoform A (B305D-A) B305D, isoform C (B305D-
C)
Type(s) de cancer: sein

B4GALNT1 Beta-1,4-N-acetyl-galactosaminyl transferase 1
Autre(s) nom(s): UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine:(N-
acetylneuraminyl)-galactosylglucosylceramide N-
acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
Type(s) de cancer: mélanome

CA9 Carbonic anhydrase IX
Autre(s) nom(s): Renal cell carcinoma associated antigen G250
Type(s) de cancer: rein

CALCA Calcitonin/calcitonin-related polypeptide, alpha
Type(s) de cancer: thyroïde

CD44 Antigen CD44
Autre(s) nom(s): Hermes antigen; PGP1
Type(s) de cancer: sein, tête et cou

CDH1 Cadherin-1 (epithelial)
Autre(s) nom(s): E-cadherin; uvomorulin
Type(s) de cancer: sein

CDH6 Cadherin 6, type 2, K-cadherin (fetal kidney)
Type(s) de cancer: rein

CEACAM5 Carcino-embryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 5
Autre(s) nom(s): Carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA)
Type(s) de cancer: sein, intestin, oesophage, tête et cou, poumon,
pancréas, estomac, thyroïde

CEACAM7 Carcino-embryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 7
Autre(s) nom(s): Carcinoembryonic antigen 2 (CGM2)
Type(s) de cancer: intestin

CGB Chorionic gonadotropin, beta polypeptide
Autre(s) nom(s): ß-human chorionic gonadotropin (ß-HCG)
Type(s) de cancer: sein

CTSD Cathepsin-D
Type(s) de cancer: sein, rein

CXCR4 Chemokine, CXC motif, receptor 4
Autre(s) nom(s): Neuropeptide Y receptor Y3 (NPY3R);
lipopolysaccharide-associated protein 3 (LAP3); fusin
Type(s) de cancer: sein

DCT Dopachrome tautomerase
Autre(s) nom(s): Tyrosinase-related-protein-2 (TYRP2); dopachrome
delta-isomerase
Type(s) de cancer: mélanome

DDC Dopa decarboxylase (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase)
Type(s) de cancer: prostate, estomac

EGFR Epidermal growth factor receptor
Autre(s) nom(s): Oncogene ERBB1; c-erbB-1
Type(s) de cancer: vessie, sein, cervix, intestin, tête et cou,
poumon, prostate

ERBB2 V-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2, neuro/
glioblastoma derived oncogene homolog (avian) (ERBB2)
Autre(s) nom(s): c-erbB-2,; HER-2/neu
Type(s) de cancer: sein

FABP1 Fatty acid binding protein 1, liver
Autre(s) nom(s): Liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP)
Type(s) de cancer: sein, intestin, prostate

FOLH1 Folate hydrolase
Autre(s) nom(s): Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)
Type(s) de cancer: prostate

GABRP Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor pi (p) subunit
Autre(s) nom(s): GABA receptor A, pi (p) polypeptide (GABARAP); GABA-A
receptor, pi (p) polypeptide (GABA A(p))
Type(s) de cancer: sein

GALNT6 UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine:polypeptide
Autre(s) nom(s): N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 6 ppGalNac-T(6); ß
-1-4-N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase 6; GalNAc transferase 6;
(GalNAcT6)
Type(s) de cancer: sein

GRP Gastrin-releasing peptide
Type(s) de cancer: poumon, thyroïde

KLK2 Kallikrein-related peptidase 2
Type(s) de cancer: prostate

KLK3 Kallikrein-related peptidase 3
Autre(s) nom(s): Prostate specific antigen
Type(s) de cancer: prostate

KLK6 Kallikrein-related peptidase 6
Autre(s) nom(s): Protease M; neurosin
Type(s) de cancer: intestin, ovaire

KRT7 Keratin 7
Autre(s) nom(s): Cytokeratin 7 (CK7); sarcolectin (SCL)
Type(s) de cancer: sein, oesophage, poumon, ovaire

KRT8 Keratin 8
Autre(s) nom(s): Cytokeratin 8 (CK8)
Type(s) de cancer: sein

KRT18 Keratin 18
Autre(s) nom(s): Cytokeratin 18 (CK18)
Type(s) de cancer: vessie, sein, oesophage

KRT19 Keratin 19
Autre(s) nom(s): Cytokeratin 19 (CK19)
Type(s) de cancer: vessie, sein, col de l'utérus, intestin, oesophage,
tête et cou, poumon, ovaire, pancréas, estomac, thyroïde

KRT20 Keratin 20
Autre(s) nom(s): Cytokeratin 20 (CK20)
Type(s) de cancer: vessie, sein, col de l'utérus, intestin, oesophage,
tête et cou, poumon, ovaire, pancréas, estomac, thyroïde

MAGEA1 Melanoma antigen family A, 1
Autre(s) nom(s): Mage1
Type(s) de cancer: foie

MAGEA2 Melanoma antigen family A, 2
Autre(s) nom(s): Mage2
Type(s) de cancer: poumon

MAGEA3 Melanoma antigen family A, 3
Autre(s) nom(s): Mage3
Type(s) de cancer: sein, foie, poumon, mélanome

MAGEA4 Melanoma antigen family A, 4
Autre(s) nom(s): Mage4
Type(s) de cancer: poumon

MAGEA6 Melanoma antigen family A, 6
Autre(s) nom(s): Mage6
Type(s) de cancer: poumon

MAGEA12 Melanoma antigen family A, 12
Autre(s) nom(s): Mage12
Type(s) de cancer: poumon

MET Protooncogene Met
Autre(s) nom(s): Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR); renal cell
carcinoma, papillary 2 (RCCP2)
Type(s) de cancer: sein, estomac

MFI2 Antigen p97
Autre(s) nom(s): Melanotransferrin
Type(s) de cancer: mélanome

MITF Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor
Type(s) de cancer: mélanome

MLANA Melan-A
Autre(s) nom(s): Melanoma antigen MART-1
Type(s) de cancer: mélanome

MUC1 Mucin-1, transmembrane
Autre(s) nom(s): Carcinoma antigen 15.3 (CA15.3);carcinoma antigen
27.29 (CA27.29); CD227 antigen; episialin; epithelial membrane antigen
(EMA); polymorphic epithelial mucin (PEM); peanut-reactive urinary
mucin (PUM); tumor-associated glycoprotein 12 (TAG12)
Type(s) de cancer: sein, intestin, poumon, estomac

MUC2 Mucin 2, oligomeric mucus/gel-forming
Type(s) de cancer: sein, intestin

MUC5B Mucin 5B, oligomeric mucus/gel-forming
Type(s) de cancer: sein

MUC7 Mucin 7, secreted
Type(s) de cancer: vessie, sein

OR51E2 Olfactory receptor, family 51, subfamily E, member 2
Autre(s) nom(s): Prostate-specific G protein-coupled receptor (PSGR)
Type(s) de cancer: prostate

OSBP2 Oxysterol binding protein 2
Type(s) de cancer: intestin

PAX3 Paired box gene 3
Type(s) de cancer: mélanome

PIP Prolactin-induced protein
Autre(s) nom(s): Gross cystic disease fluid protein (GCDFP-15)
Type(s) de cancer: sein

PLAUR Plasminogen activator receptor, urokinase-type
Autre(s) nom(s): Urokinase receptor (uPAR); CD87 antigen
Type(s) de cancer: sein

PSCA Prostate stem cell antigen
Type(s) de cancer: prostate, estomac

PTHLH Parathyroid hormone-like hormone
Autre(s) nom(s): PTHrP (parathyroid hormone-related protein)
Type(s) de cancer: sein, tête et cou

S100A14 S100 calcium binding protein A14
Type(s) de cancer: sein, intestin, prostate

S100A16 S100 calcium binding protein A16
Autre(s) nom(s): S100F; aging-associated protein 13 (AAG13)
Type(s) de cancer: sein, intestin, prostate

SBEM Small breast epithelial mucin
Autre(s) nom(s): BS106; B511S
Type(s) de cancer: sein

SCGB1D2 Secretoglobin family 1D member 2 (Prostatein-like)
Autre(s) nom(s): Lipophilin B (LPB, LPHB); antigen BU101
Type(s) de cancer: sein

SCGB2A1 Secretoglobin family 2A, member 1
Autre(s) nom(s): Mammaglobin 2 (MGB2); mammaglobin B (MGBB);
lacryglobin (LGB); lipophilin C (LPC, LPHC)
Type(s) de cancer: sein

SCGB2A2 Secretoglobin family 2A, member 2
Autre(s) nom(s): Mammaglobin (MGB); mammaglobin 1 (MGB1); mammaglobin
A (MGBA)
Type(s) de cancer: sein

SERPINB3 Serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, clade B
(ovalbumin), member 3
Autre(s) nom(s): Squamous cell carcinoma antigen 1 (SCCA1)
Type(s) de cancer: oesophage, tête et cou

SERPINB4 Serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, clade B
(ovalbumin), member 4
Autre(s) nom(s): Squamous cell carcinoma antigen 2 (SCCA2)
Type(s) de cancer: oesophage, tête et cou

SERPINB5 Serine (or cysteine) proteinase inhibitor, clade B
(ovalbumin), member 5
Autre(s) nom(s): Mammary serine protease inhibitor (Maspin)
Type(s) de cancer: sein

SILV Silver homolog (mouse)
Autre(s) nom(s): 95 kD melanocyte-specific secreted glycoprotein;
Pmel17; Gp100
Type(s) de cancer: mélanome

SPDEF SAM pointed domain containing ets transcription factor
Autre(s) nom(s): Prostate epithelium-specific Ets transcription factor
(PDEF)
Type(s) de cancer: sein

TACSTD1 Tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 1
Autre(s) nom(s): Colorectal carcinoma antigen CO17-1A; epithelial
glycoprotein 2 (EGP2); epithelial glycoprotein 40kD (EGP40);
epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM); epithelial-specific antigen
(ESA); gastrointestinal tumour associated antigen 733-2 (GA733-2);
KS1/4 antigen; KSA antigen; membrane component, chromosome 4, surface
marker 1 (M4S1); MK-1 antigen; MIC18 antigen; TROP-1 antigen
Type(s) de cancer: sein, intestin, oesophage, poumon

TERT Telomerase reverse transcriptase
Autre(s) nom(s): Telomerase catalytic subunit
Type(s) de cancer: sein, intestin, foie, mélanome, estomac, thyroïde

TFF1 Trefoil factor 1
Autre(s) nom(s): Breast cancer estrogen-inducible sequence (BCEI);
gastrointestinal trefoil protein (GTF);pS2 protein
Type(s) de cancer: sein

TFF3 Trefoil factor 3
Autre(s) nom(s): Intestinal trefoil factor (ITF);p1.B
Type(s) de cancer: sein, intestin

TG Thyroglobulin
Type(s) de cancer: thyroïde

TPO Thyroid peroxidase
Type(s) de cancer: thyroïde

TSHR Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor
Type(s) de cancer: thyroïde

TSPAN8 Tetraspanin 8
Autre(s) nom(s): Transmembrane 4 superfamily member 3 (TM4SF3);
CO-029
Type(s) de cancer: intestin

TYR Tyrosinase Oculocutaneous albinism IA
Type(s) de cancer: mélanome

TYRP1 Tyrosinase-related protein 1
Autre(s) nom(s): Melanoma antigen gp75
Type(s) de cancer: mélanome

UCHL1 Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal esterase L1
Autre(s) nom(s): Ubiquitin thiolesterase; protein gene product 9.5
(PGP 9.5)
Type(s) de cancer: poumon

UPK1A Uroplakin 1A
Type(s) de cancer: vessie

UPK1B Uroplakin 1B
Type(s) de cancer: vessie

UPK2 Uroplakin 2
Type(s) de cancer: vessie

UPK3 Uroplakin 3
Type(s) de cancer: vessie

VIL1 Villin 1
Type(s) de cancer: intestin